Monday, September 30, 2019

Nokia Applying Art of War Essay

Sun Zi Art of War is one of the oldest and most successful books on military strategy. It had an influence on Eastern military thinking, business tactics and beyond. In this assignment, we will apply Sun Zi Art of War Theories into companies chosen, Nokia Firstly, our assignment is based on Chapter Four (Disposition of the Army) of Sun Zi’s Art of War. One of the key points of Chapter Four is about a skillful general will ensure undefeatedness when waiting the opportunity to offend or defend the enemy. In business circles, we have to create opportunities to defeat and set conditions to ensure that we would not be defeated by rivals. Furthermore, a skillful general should possess to evaluate the chances of victory. There are five stages that need to look into. There are estimating the degree of difficulty, assessing the scope of operation, calculation of own forces, comparison of forces and establishing the chances of victory. All of these stages are useful till today’s business practices. Nokia is a company involved in digital technologies, including mobile phones, telecommunications network, wireless data solutions and multimedia terminals. Nokia’s history is from 1865 when engineer Idestam established a wood-pulp mill in southern Finland and start manufacturing paper. The beginning of Nokia’s journey into telecommunication was is in 1960, Nokia? s Cable Work’s Electronics department started to conduct research into semiconductor technology. Content Related to our topic-Weaknesses and Strengths, we would like to use a mobile phone company as an example, which is Nokia. Nokia is a Finnish multinational communications corporation. Nokia is engaged in the manufacturing of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries. It is the world’s largest manufacturer of mobile telephones and it produces mobile devices for every major market segment . Offending and defending is one of the elements in Sun Zi concepts. Sun Zi said: â€Å"Those who were skillful in warfare ensued that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy†. It means that we not only need to attack but need to defend too. Besides waiting for hances to attack, we need to defend ourselves from being defeated by competitors too. This concept is being applied on modern business strategies and practices. We can see that Nokia is skillful in warfare (business world). Besides produces mobile phone, Nokia also offers Internet services such as applications, games, music, maps, media and messaging. Apart from that, Nokia also comes out with assorted model of mobile phone, for example, N-series, Xpress Music series, Supernova series and others with different function to attract different range of mobile phone users. Besides that, Nokia’s subsidiary Nokia Siemens Networks produces telecommunications network equipment, solutions and services and it also engaged in providing free digital map information and navigation services through its wholly-owned subsidiary Navteq. From this we can see that Nokia not only attack its competitors by producing different kind of cell phone but also defend itself by having other products and services other than cell phone. At the same time, Sun Zi also mentioned that â€Å"the ability that is preventing defeat depends on oneself, while the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy†. Nokia has its own preventing defeat ability by having their own professional designer and Research & Development department. Their designers are assigned to design some new and attractive model to attract different level of mobile phone users while research and development are carried out to invent some new function to improve the quality and value of the cell phone. Apart from that, Nokia is now planning to have collaborations with competitors. Alongside pursuing this goal of nurturing more innovative partnerships, Nokia will also be looking to explore new product categories for Symbian and Smartphone technologies, extending the reach of higher-end technologies into mid-range devices after they addresses a need for many people looking to downgrade to less expensive products, especially in such fragile economic times. Nokia also comes out with Nokia 5800 XpressMusic as it offers unique value for those who want to experience their music on the move, after found that all touch screen devices are sold popularly worldwide. Besides that, Sun Zi also said: â€Å"Defend when military strength is weaker than enemy and attack when forces are stronger than enemy. † This means that we should defend when forces and resources are inadequate and attack when forces and resources are more than abundant. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Nokia ran into serious financial problems due to its heavy losses by the television manufacturing division and businesses that were just too diverse. The company responded by streamlining its telecommunications divisions and by divesting itself of the television and PC divisions. After the strategic change, Nokia gained a huge increase in sales from Finland to North America, South America and Asia. The exploding worldwide popularity of mobile telephones had made the company the world’s largest mobile phone manufacturer. With solid foundations and sound financial situations, Nokia has recently plans to develop Salo plant operating mode to further increase production speed and efficiency for a growing Smartphone market. Besides that, Nokia also merge with Intel to be software platforms for future computing devices. Sun Zi said: â€Å"A skillful general studies the ways that can lead to victory, and set up proper organizational structure and control, and maintain law and order which will lead to victory. † The person adept in warfare not only cultivates his moral code but maintains law and order. In this way, he is able to develop policies that determine victory and defeat in war. For example, Nokia has a proper organizational structure and control. Nokia comprises three business groups which included Devices, Services, Solutions and Market. The four units receive operational support from the Corporate Development Office which is also responsible for exploring corporate strategic and future growth opportunities. The Devices division is responsible for developing and managing Nokia’s mobile device portfolio, including the sourcing of components. The Services division operates in five areas of consumer Internet services: music, maps, media, messaging and games. This group works with companies outside the telecommunications industry to make advances in the technology and bring new applications and possibilities in areas such as online services, optics, music synchronization and streaming media. On the same time, the Solutions division is responsible for Nokia’s offering of solutions, where the mobile device, personalized services and content are integrated into a package for the consumer while the Markets division is responsible for the management of the supply chains, sales channels, brand and marketing functions of the company. Discussions When we discus about Nokia is company which the first enters into the business field has the priority to gain the market and has advantages over other companies. Actually, this is not easy being a marketing leader in this industry; the rick was also instrumental to take in Nokia’s worldwide effort to assure the financial strength and flexibility. This strong financial are help the company able to have a very strong and efficient human resource team. This strong financial background help company to attack its competitors by producing different kind of cell phone and also defend itself by having other products and services other than cell phone. Nokia believes it should be easy to share information and content between our cell phone and other devices you use everyday such as PC and the web. This way it is easy to keep everything synchronized and ensure people always have access to the things they love, such as music, and the services they use, such as navigation, whenever and wherever people need them. The average person spends between one and two hours per day in their car. Given that their cell phone not only holds their favourite music but now, if it is a Nokia cell phone, comes with free worldwide navigation services (Maps), the next logical step is to provide an easy way to connect their cell phone to their car. This way services and content from the mobile can be fully integrated with the in-car speakers, displays and control systems. Just as importantly, though, this connection should be two-way so that the cell phone can access performance information from the vehicle itself and provide more relevant information to the driver. Nokia company not only responsible for corporate and technology strategy, strategic alliances partnerships, research, standardization, intellectual property rights, and venturing. Nokia has a well-defined and efficient human resources team that is organizational HR, Business HR, and CPD. These groups work closely with employees and management to create and carry out all people initiatives. They also responsibility for all human resources activity including employee development, management and leadership development, compensation, benefits, staffing and global diversity. The human resource manager also acts as the ‘hosting manager’ for Workplace Resources. This role involves helping Workplace Resources achieve their goals by being a discussion partner for him and his leadership team. Sun Zi said: â€Å"The purpose of raising such a large army is to achieve wsift and decisive victories. † It mean in such a big increase in troops is aimed at achieving wsift and decisive victory, before a company want to be success they must raising the employees welfare and their fight heart. Recommendation As we know, Nokia, which has entered into the mobile phone business since early 1980s, has more advance history than other mobile brand like Sony Ericsson, which entered the field on October 2001. Thus, Nokia should keep on improving their mobile phone and devices by using the element of Sun Zi Art of War. Sun Zi said: Those who arrive first at the battleground will have sufficient time to rest and prepare against the enemy. Those who arrive late at the battleground will have to rush into battle when they are already exhausted. In other word, company which the first enters into the business field has the priority to gain the market share and has advantages over other companies. Since the trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, Nokia can gain a number of its loyal customers. Nokia also continually to modify and innovative its mobile phones and devices, and more expensive multimedia and enterprise-class devices. Moreover, Nokia has more experience than Sony Ericsson in communication sector. Furthermore, Nokia Company suited with flexibility, adaptability and shaping with their products when the environment factor occur, like economic recession or inflation. Indeed, it should not seek to conform, but to transform itself to suit the environment. Based on chapter six, the person who gains victories by adapting to the changing conditions and situations of the enemy can be considered a legend in warfare. When the company meets the obstacles, they also should be flexible like water by changing their tactics to overcome the difficulty to ensure they are undefeatness by the opponents. The Nokia Way emphasizes the speed and flexibility of decision making in a flat, network organization, clearly stated by Nokia’s official corporate culture manifesto. The trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, but Nokia company also should redefine its values by develop Nokia’s official corporate culture manifesto. The trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, but Nokia company also should redefine its values by develop their product to satisfy customer needs and expectation. Its comes out with the slogan, that is â€Å"Engaging You, Achieving Together, Passion for Innovation and Very Human† in May 2007. More troops would be committed when the situation dictated so. In addition, Nokia Company need to matching strategies with ground characteristics in the business environment. This is evident in the various descriptions given to each type of group and the different strategies advocated for them. Based on chapter eleven, Sun Zi emphasized the importance of understanding and exploiting these different grounds. He said that the effective deployment of troops, whether they are strong and weak, depends on the understanding and exploitation of the terrain. Nokia Company should exploit different branch to selling various type of mobile phone device over the country by fitting the affordable consumer’s needs at the right place, in a right time. For example, Nokia offers a free personalized service to its subscribers called My Nokia which located at my. nokia. com. Registered My Nokia users can avail free services as tips and tricks alerts through web, e-mail and also mobile text message. My Nokia Backup is the service needs GPRS connection to get a free online backup service for mobile contacts, calendar logs and also various other files. Besides, numerous ringtones, wallpapers, screensavers, games and other things can be downloaded free of cost. Then, Nokia develop some strategic to merchandise their product by using market basket analysis or organize a Nokia Fair by promote product at a cheaper price in order to gain more market share in this modern world. Conclusion Through our assignment report, we know that many Sun Zi’s Art of War concept has been applied in today modern business strategies and practices. This has proof by our assignment’s research. The studies of Sun Zi’s theories are use in today business based on the example company we choose, which is the Nokia mobile phone company is very useful and effective. Our research had discovered that Nokia had applied the Sun Zi’s concept of Disposition of the Army as a guideline for achieving the company goals. As a conclusion, the first knowledge we learned through this report is we cannot always attack but need to defend based on different situation. As we waiting for chances to attack, we need to defend ourselves from being defeated. Secondly, we also learned that we can build an invincible defend to make the competitor difficult in attacking us. However, to defeat the competitors, one has to attack and the chances of victory depend on how strong the competitors can defend. The next thing we learned is we should defend when forces and resources are inadequate and attack when forces and resources are more than abundant. Lastly, we also learned that the person adept in warfare not only cultivates his moral code but maintains law and order. In this way, he is able to develop policies that determine victory and defeat in war.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Medical history has been filled with an array of diseases and illnesses, ranging from the common cold to deadly killers. Some are easily treatable and others can be terminal, but some of the worst are those that still remain without a cure; one such disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a degenerative disease affecting the human nervous system. It is a deadly disease that cripples and kills its victims due to a breakdown in the body's motor neurons. Motor neurons are nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord that control muscle contractions. In ALS, these neurons deteriorate to a point that all movement, including breathing, halts. Muscle weakness first develops in the muscles of body parts distant from the brain, such as the hands, and subsequently spreads through other muscle groups closer to the brain. Such early symptoms as this, however, can hardly be noticed. Early symptoms of ALS are very slight and often overlooked. They begin as simple things, such as tripping or dropping things. Twitching or cramping of muscles and abnormal fatigue of the arms and legs may soon follow, causing difficulty in daily activities, such as walking or dressing. In more advanced stages, however, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing and swallowing ensue, until the body is completely taken over by the disease. Intellect, eye motion, bladder function, and sensation are the only abilities spared. Where and how this deadly disease originated is unknown, but it was first identified in 1869, by the noted French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. ALS is not contagious, but research is still vague on the cause of the disease. Today, there are three recognized forms of ALS: genetic, sporadic, and Guamanian. The genetic form of ALS appears to be inherited or passed down within a family, and about ten percent of ALS patients have a family history of the disease. An abnormal gene has been located in about half these families, but the cause of the remaining half is still unknown. The next, most common form, is sporadic ALS. These patients have no family history of disease, and the cause of their coming down with ALS is a mystery. Finally, is Guamanian ALS, called this because a high percentage of cases occur in the Pacific Islands near Guam. One major reason ALS is such a frightening disease is because no cure has been established. Although no effective treatment has been developed, a number of drug trials have been conducted, and there are some devices designed to help ALS patients maintain independence as well as safety as the disease progresses. These devices include ankle or foot braces, cervical collars, and reclining chairs. Since there is no cure, however, the primary treatment is for management of symptoms. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also a difficult disease to diagnose, primarily because no one test can definitely establish if the disease is present. A diagnosis includes most, if not all, of the following procedures: electrodiagnostic tests, blood and urinary study, thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels, spinal tap and imaging, and muscular or nerve biopsy. Most who develop ALS are between the ages of forty and seventy years of age, although cases have been reported of victims in their twenties and thirties. It was once thought to be a rare disease, but studies have shown that about 5,000 people in the United States are newly-diagnosed with ALS each year–about 13 new cases a day! It isn estimated that about 100,000 people who are apparently well in the country today will die with ALS. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also popularly known as Lou Gehrig disease. Lou Gehrig was a famous baseball player in the 1930's for the New York Yankees. Once known as baseball's â€Å"Ironman†, Lou Gehrig was truly a sports legend. His promising career came to a screeching halt, however, when he was diagnosed with ALS. The disease not only took away his career in baseball, but his life; Lou Gehrig died at the young age of thirty-eight. In conclusion, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a deadly and frightening disease; its victims cannot be saved. Someday, hopefully, a cure will be developed, and the suffering this disease is causing will be stopped.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Nutrition and Food

Cognitive behaviour is dysfunctional emotions and behaviours caused by damage in the brain affecting part of the brain responsible for memory and all that we learn from birth- how to talk, eat etc. This means that a person with dementia can forget how important it is to eat and drink and may need reminding. They may also lose their sense of hunger and thirst. It can become a problem and put a client’s health at risk. Functional change is losing the ability to remember how to eat using cutlery. Instead, some people find easier to pick up food by hand, so finger food should be provided.This might be a good way to avoid confusion and distress for a client. If a person finds it easier, food should be laid out for a client promoting their dignity. They may have difficulties chewing or swallowing, this can be caused by the mind forgetting how to do something, or making that task become more difficult to perform. Emotional change can be negative emotions about their confused state be cause the individual may not understand that there is something wrong, but behaviour of others may lead them to feeling something is wrong, which often causes stress to the individual with dementia.They may refuse to eat or drink altogether. Poor nutrition can make the symptoms of dementia worse and increase the risk of more frequent infections requiring use of antibiotics. Malnutrition also affects the immune system making it difficult to fight an infection. It’s more likely that as well as dementia, older people are more likely to develop other chronic illnesses and therefore will have specific nutritional needs.Dementia can be effected by other conditions that may prevent the individual from eating or drinking: Health – it is quite often for individuals with dementia to end up with Urinary Tract Infection or UTI for short, and while having a UTI the individuals may get more confused or angry causing them to not wanting to eat. Emotional – quite a few Dementia sufferers end up with depression because of the drastic changes in their life, such as being taken away from your home and your family. Routines and rituals provide important cues that it is time to eat and trigger the familiar actions involved in feeding oneself.Experts suggest a variety of ways to maintain lifelong habits and routines: Identify and respect personal, cultural, and religious food preferences, such as eating tortillas instead of bread, avoiding pork or milk products, and not liking certain kinds of vegetables. If the person has always eaten meals at specific times, continue to serve meals at those times. Serve meals in a consistent, familiar place and way whenever possible. If the family has always said a prayer of thanks before meals, continue to say the prayer.Avoid introducing unfamiliar routines, such as serving breakfast to a person who has never routinely eaten breakfast. It is important to include a variety of food and drink in a person with Dementias’ diet because they need a varied healthy diet to keep them as fit and well as possible but also because they may go off food that they used to love because their taste may change so you will need to offer them alternative foods. They may go off squash and start liking milkshake for example. They may have difficulty chewing or swallowing so they may need to be offered softer foods like scrambled egg.Regular snacks or small meals are better than set mealtimes and make food look and smell appealing. Use different tastes, colours and smells. The aroma of cooking can stimulate someone’s appetite. Help the person drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, dehydration can lead to problems such as increased constipation, confusion, and dizziness. Outcome 2: Mealtime cultures such as having strict meal times and meal sizes, certain number of courses and in certain orders such as starter, main, dessert etc may not agree with the needs of a person with dementia.Their tastes may have cha nged and may not wish to eat the meals set out for them in a particular ‘traditional order'. They may not wish to eat at the same time as everybody else or may wish to eat small amounts more often. By trying to stick to normal meal time cultures, this can be a barrier to the nutritional needs of the individual. The care they receive should be person centred and must fit in with what the individual needs, this should also be true with the meals the person receives. Setting strict regimes could just upset the individual and could result in them refusing to eat or drink altogether.Environmental factors such as being around lots of other diners, loud noises, music or busy restaurants are not ideal for a person with Dementia as they can become easily distracted and overwhelmed by too much information being processed at once. This can be a barrier to them being able to focus on their food and can again result in them getting upset and refusing to eat or drink. Provide food the perso n likes and try not to overload the plate with too much food, small and regular portions often work best. A relaxed, friendly atmosphere with some soft music may help.Use eating and drinking as an opportunity for activity and social stimulation. It is always best to aim for the least stressful solutions. Common sense and a creative approach often help. Use colour to support the person – the colours of the food, plate and table should be different. Avoiding patterned plates is important. Treating everyone as an individual and giving them informed choices are the best person centred approaches. We must try to treat everyone as an individual and respect his or her wishes and preferences. Many people with dementia can make their own choices such as what they like to wear, what they like to eat or drink.If they are unable to make a decision, we can inform them of available choices. They may not be able to communicate or tell us anything sometimes so we need to show them the availa ble options. We may also be aware of their choices such as what do they like to eat or drink by asking the individuals family and friends. Another important thing is observation. By observing, we may make note what they like to eat and drink most or what went well at a particular meal time. We must always offer them options and choices. Clear, easy-to-understand verbal prompting may also be needed.Depending on the person’s language ability, this may mean giving very specific, step-by-step directions, or it may mean offering simple choices, such as â€Å"Do you want peaches or apples? † or â€Å"Would you like cream in your coffee? † Verbal prompts, such as â€Å"Do you think the beans have enough salt? ,† can focus the person’s attention on the food. Sensory cues, especially those involving smell, can let the person know it is time to eat. Smells can trigger the appetite, even the smell of toast can help. People with more advanced Dementia may also need physical prompting to initiate the process of eating or to continue eating.For example, the caregiver might place a finger or hand under the person’s grasped hand on the fork and guide it to the mouth. After getting help with initiating eating, the person may then take over. However, carers should not step in too soon as doing so can diminish the individuals sense of personal control and independence. A person centred approach will improve the well being of an individual with Dementia by making them still feel in control of their lives even though they may feel they are losing control and can build trust between the individual and the carers.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Applying the conceot of Positive Deviance Article

Applying the conceot of Positive Deviance - Article Example The patient developed septic shock after contracting an HAI called MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Tragic demise of my friend’s relative was an event which was preventable, but it happened because more attention was laid on treatment and less on prevention. Lack of awareness regarding HIAs is also a big problem. The need of the time is to use a different approach to handle the growing problem of HIAs as current approaches have had poor success in terms of outcomes. We need to bring in the method of PD to identify those individuals or positive deviants who are present in every community and who use unconventional practices or behaviors to successfully solve even the most intractable problems (Bradley et al., 2009). Such individuals offer better solutions than their peers who remain unsuccessful even while having access to same kind of resources. This is why PD is popularized as â€Å"a refreshing theory for social change† (Pascale et al., cited in Sellnow & Seeger, 2013). In order to prevent HIAs and address this grave healthcare issue, strategic initiatives should be taken based on introducing and promoting new behaviors till they transform into permanent habits and creating sustainable change. Research claims that one of the biggest hurdles in the way of PD is to get large numbers of people to quickly embrace a desired behavioral change (Seidman & McCauley, 2009, p. 27). Any behavioral change should be slowly â€Å"communicated over time among members of a social system† (Rogers, cited in Dingfelder & Mandell, 2011). This is called the process of diffusion. In case of HIAs, we should especially remember the famous awareness iceberg according to which crisis in the form of untimely death occurs because there is lack of awareness regarding the intensity of the issue in hospitals. Only 4% problems are visible or known to top managers. Remaining problems remain hidden under the water (Gardam, 2009). Research identifies an established

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Source report - Surrogacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Source report - Surrogacy - Essay Example Haughey’s studies develop theoretically and descriptive analysis of gender selection through surrogacy. According to the author, medical methods used in surrogacy have made it able for prospective parents to propose the preferred sex of their children. In addition, people have developed appealing hypothesis to explain an aspect of sex selection. One of the theoretical hypotheses is concerned with creating a â€Å"balance† in families. Haughey (2005: 85) provides a descriptive study on how surrogacy technology provides couples with a chance to choose sperms that fertilise eggs; hence determining the sex of the offspring. The discussion above lays a scientific foundation regarding the determination of offspring’s sexual features through the selection of sperms to be used for fertilization. Gender balancing eradicates the domination of one gender of children in the family unit by deciding which sexes should be included. In addition, some families may use sex selection to replace or rebuild the family after the death of a child. It is also evident that sex selection occurs when the foetus is selected based on gender, social or medical reasons before it is implanted into the womb. In addition, it is important to note that sex selection also occurs when the foetus is aborted based on gender. Stacey develops theoretically and descriptive hypothesis to that link gender selection in surrogacy and medical reasons. According to the author, couples prefer to point out the desired gender of their children to avoid gender specific genetic and chromosomal disorders. Surrogacy also offers a ground where embryos are screened for genetic diseases and those that are found safe implanted into the mothers’ womb. The descriptive argument presented is that sex selection prevents people from having children with sex-linked diseases such as Duchene’s muscular dystrophy, sickle cell anemia or

TK Klaveness Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

TK Klaveness - Coursework Example In the given case, the Torvald Klaveness or TK had many children from his two marriages. There were future grandchildren too which also increased the family number. So, in such a huge family matters related with share and dividends becomes obvious. 2. What insights can you gather on how family enterprises compete and think differently? (Compare the family business to the non?family owned business). There are certain inherent traits that rare seen in the business family enterprises compared with the non business enterprises. The business families will be found to be always engaging in increasing their interests’ specially the shares in the company. They will be found to be concerned about their family shares too. This may not be seen on non business families at the first sight. As in the case study, Tom Erik was seen to be concerned about the future of his two daughters. Same was seen in case of the two sons of Trond named Morten and Jan as they were quite young and he was anxi ous about their inheritance. Though the family was well related it seemed they were more eager in protecting the wealth of their individual shares. 3. What are the key issues that lie ahead for the Klaveness family and the Group? (think in terms of family, ownership and strategy) Firstly, there was the issue of choosing the right heir for the company. There were differences between tom Erik and Trond Klaveness. They had different business approaches and personalities. Their leadership styles would vary accordingly. The issue was if only one was chosen as the leader, according to the company guidelines what would happen to the rest of the family members. There were issues related with the off springs of the two sons of TK , about how they would contribute to the business affairs. Also the female members of the family were showing their interests in the family business. And Secondly, in terms of ownership, the family was at a fix of how much shares to be allotted. In terms of strategy there were differences between the two brothers about retaining the company legacy and passing it to the next generation intact. While Trond wanted to change the shareholders agreements. 4. What is your diagnosis or interpretation of the situation they face? The family was not able to form a single conclusion where they would arrive at a single consensus. There were many members like Trond who had different aspirations and did not wish to remain with the company for ever. The issues related with share allotments and succession complicated the matter more as there were differences in ideologies between the two main members of the family. 5. What should Trond propose at the August 2002 meeting? At the meeting of 2002, Trond should propose that a proper family meeting be announced that would be mediated by the third party council. This would help to bring uniformity in the discussed issues. 6. How should he and the family proceed? Trond will have to proceed in a way so as to retain hi s father’s legacy and also address his own personal goals. He has to maintain a share level in the company that would benefit his sons who were quite young for inheritance in the company. 7. From your cultural perspective and your family experience, what recommendations would you offer the Klaveness family? The Klaveness family was a huge and an extended one. They needed to spend more time with each so s to prevent the formation of any rivalry between them. Money is important for any family to run but it is the people who hold the family together that are essential to continue a huge business empire like the Klaveness’. Tetra Pak Converting Technologies Dr. Kristian J. Sund Read the case and consider the following questions: 1. What were the

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Sustainability Powerpoint Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainability Powerpoint Presentation - Essay Example One of the most important factors is that of environmental concern. The company had initially issued policies to handle the environmental aspect but that had suffered from lack of proper implementation owing to the company’s decentralized structure. The second goal has been identified as reinventing and modifying the business models of the company. In order to improvise on the past strategies, the company has decided to set up a market research segment that would make a survey among the customers of HP and yield out aspects which they expect to be present in their products. The company had originally been engaged in many processes which were later figured out to be its drawbacks rather than its advantages. For instance, the company had initially been persistent in selling their products to the consumers which normally prove to be rather expensive for them. In contrast they are attempting to let their products out in lease so that they might extract incomes out of their products while the consumers stay better off as well. In addition, through the process, it can own the product throughout its life which could turn out to be rather profitable. Secondly, in order to move ahead with its plans of high networking, HP must also take care of environmental aspects so that its activities might not bring much impact over the same. In order to make its dream of networking come true, HP is also attempting plans to popularize the concept of electronic media among the poorer sections. In order to win over the confidence of its stakeholders, HP has adopted the strategy of transparency. HP prefers to express its strategies of business model and those adopted to overcome challenges they confront. In addition, they also maintain the expression of their shortcomings such as environmental issues, since such admissions help them in winning over the confidence of their stakeholders (Preston, 2001). One of the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Weekly ass. #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly ass. #7 - Essay Example After sending and deleting personal emails, employees think that they are safe and cannot be discovered. Employers have the right to access their employee’s emails, and put up backups, which can retrieve such emails even when deleted. According to Jennings, â€Å"Courts have ruled that email messages belong not to the employee but to the employer and are discoverable in litigation where upon they must be turned to the opposing party†, (Jennings, 2009,Pg. 180). This means that employees do not own the emails at their work place, and they can be sued for using them to pass personal messages. Blackberries are personal properties, which are owned by individuals. Such individuals have the right of usage of their property and they can therefore send personal emails to their friends. However, same kind of care is necessary since it is unethical to send messages via any platform using the employer’s time. Messages on Blackberries should only be sent during personal time. Additionally, Blackberries should not be used to set rogue access points on the company’s

Monday, September 23, 2019

The Rising of the Moon Criminal or Patriot Essay

The Rising of the Moon Criminal or Patriot - Essay Example It is this realization that leads him to make the decision to allow the man to escape. Older than his colleagues, wise in his understanding of the probability that their man will try to escape by boat, our policeman has his eye on the reward and the likelihood of promotion in the start of this play. Encouraging his co-workers to do their duty, he sends them off to put up other Wanted posters, while choosing to stay at the quay alone in wait of the revolutionary. When his man does indeed turn up he is disguised as a ballad singer and the policeman doesn't realize who he is. Claiming to be in town due to the fact that they are holding the assizes, which gives him the opportunity to make some money, the revolutionary tries to get past the policeman but is refused access. It is at this point that he tells the policeman, while pointing at the poster of the wanted man, that he knows who the revolutionist is. Fear is the first factor that the man uses to enforce his plan to get past the policeman, which persuades the policeman to allow him to stay. "There's not a weapon he doesn't know the use of," he says, "and as to strength, his muscles are as hard as that board." ('The Rising Moon', p. 907). And the second is complicity. And, as they sit together, back-to-back, while smoking their

Sunday, September 22, 2019

IGCSE English Essay on Global Essay Example for Free

IGCSE English Essay on Global Essay I recently read your essay about global warming stating that humans have not contributed to its existence. I believe that it is important to study both sides of this argument thoroughly before drawing a conclusion. Although you cleverly wrote an essay based on a couple of hand-picked facts, there is still another side of the issue which is yet to be told. I believe that global warming is a problem which has arisen due to the careless actions of humanity. Does denying global warming’s existence mean that humans can continue with their wasteful ways? After all of the arguments, debating, and disagreements, is global warming real? Its existence is undeniable. The real question is, are human-beings the cause of global warming? Imagine having to separate your garbage into 3 different boxes rather than 1. This simple task would undoubtedly require a bit more effort on our behalf, and to be frank, no one likes to do extra work. We fail to believe that global warming is caused by us knowing that we would have to make changes in our lifestyles that could potentially require more effort. Was it in elementary school that we learned about the water cycle, about how one thing affects the next? Similarly, global warming is but a chain of events in which humans are heavily involved. People cannot simply burn immense quantities of fossil fuels in hopes that there will be no after-effects. In fact, the repercussions of all of this industrialization can be seen through the form of air pollution which consists of carbon dioxide (CO2). Factories burn fossil fuels and simultaneously release pollutants in the air; hence, man-made CO2 is formed. Since the pre-industrial era, man-made CO2 has increased by a third with a consequential change in global temperatures. By creating this man-made CO2, the carbon cycle has been disrupted and the excess CO2 is becoming cumulative. As a result, the natural carbon exchange is unable to absorb this additional carbon dioxide. We are unable to see the truth even when it is right before us. Only a crazy person would think that global temperatures are the same as they were 100 years ago. Statistics show that the average global temperatures in the 1880s were approximately 14 degrees Celsius. Global temperatures within the past decade have been climbing as high as 15 degrees Celsius. Throughout the years, the rate of warming has increased, and to most people’s horror, has occurred within the span of a few decades. Scientists have not been fretting over a minor global temperature change, but the fact that temperatures have increased during such a short period of time. The famous Medieval Warming Period occurred from 700 AD to 1250. The drastic temperature increases occurred within approximately 4 centuries. Comparatively, global temperatures have risen by over 1 degree Fahrenheit within a single century. Surely you can see the severity of the situation within these simple statistics. The world is changing. Humans continue to alter the planet’s self-regulating systems, and these actions will be reflected by the lack of resources in the future. Some have dedicated their entire lives to the study of global warming in order to prove that it is very much existant, and not the myth which it is perceived to be. The main cause behind all of these changes is carbon emissions. Carbon emissions have been high enough to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to current levels of approximately 390 parts per million. This is an increase of 75 parts per million from 1960 when it was estimated at 315 parts per million. We are exhausting the Earth’s atmosphere and tampering with what was supposed to remain untouched. In your essay about global warming, you stated that â€Å"temperatures declined from 1940 to 1980† and â€Å"by the 1990’s temperatures appeared to have reversed†. However, it can be observed from global climate charts that the temperatures between 1940 and 1980 were, as a matter of fact, fluctuating. On the other hand, temperatures from 1980 to present day have only increased and have shown absolutely no signs of cooling. In other words, the global temperatures in 1940 to 1980 were not declining, but were slightly rising and falling. Some may believe that global warming is yet another one of the world’s phases. If so, are they ready to abuse our planet until it finally exceeds exhaustion? Like everything else in the world, the Earth has its limits. By continually releasing large amounts of CO2 into the planet’s atmosphere, we are not only having an impact on global temperatures, but on nature as a whole. Temperatures will increase and glaciers will melt. The vast forms of wildlife in the Arctic will inevitably suffer due to this. Natural resources will eventually run out and when this happens, we will turn to nature for assistance. At that point, mankind will come to realize that nature does not have anything left to give us. The majority of the proof points to man-made CO2 being the reason for global warming. I believe that if mankind does not reduce the emission of CO2, the world will finally reach its limit and humanity will be left in a fragile situation with minimal resources. I thank you for listening to my outlook of the situation and look forward to hearing from you in due course.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Study And Introduction Of Malacca

Study And Introduction Of Malacca There is a popular story about how the Malacca was found by Parameswara when he was hunting and while resting under a tree, one of his dogs cornered a mouse-deer or in malay we called it pelandok The mouse-deer in its defense attacked by dog even force it into the river water. Parameswara decided to name this place as Malacca after saw the bravely of that mouse deer. The name of Malacca was come from the melaka tree that was shading Parameswara. In the history of Malaysia, the Malacca Sultanate was occupies a special position in Malacca. It was the beginning of the new Malay empire and as the birthplace of the Malay Sultanate and historical city. Malacca also became a stage on which the Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese played out their roles in the history of Malacca. After Parameswara occupation Malacca, he began noticed that Malacca actually was a strong maritime trading state. After that, Because of its strategic location, it thrived as a center of entreport trade with merchant who came from other places and Malacca starts concentrating their activities around the world such as Pedir and Pasai. China also became a important role in trading network of Malacca. In 1511, Malacca fall to Portuguese and followed by the Dutch in 1641. When the Netherlands was captured during the Napoleonic Wars, Dutch pass the Malacca to British to prevent it falling to French in 1795. After that, during 1818, Malacca was return to Dutch under the treaty of Vienna but later Malacca was exchange by the British for Bangkahulu in Sumatra. From 1826 onwards, Malacca, Penang and Singapore was combine as Straits Settlement by British East India Company and Straits Settlement was under the Straits Settlement administration in Calcutta. After the Dutch occupation the Malacca for over century, Dutch was left many fine buildings marking their heritage. For example, Stadthuys, which is a strikingly pink town hall and it became the oldest Dutch building in Malacca. Another building is red Christ Church which is constructed with pink brick. The most prominent reminders building were the A Famosa and St. Pauls Church in Malacca. After World War II, in 20 February 1956, Our Malaysias first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra was proclamation of Independence of Malaysia. Where is Melaka located in Malaysia Melaka road map via the North-South Highway Malacca is located on the Western Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Malacca. The state of Malacca is between the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor. Malacca can be reached by excellent road which is PLUS highway from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Malacca is serviced by a good network of leading to all the historical places and Malaccas area of around 658 square kilometers and it is divided into three districts which is Melaka Tengah, Jasin and Alor Gajar. The population of Malacca is around 648,000 in year 2001 and comprises of Malays 50%, Chinese 40% and the rest included Indians, Chitty people and Kristang. The major towns of Malacca are Ayer Keroh, Jasin, Merlimau, Pulau Sebang, Masjid Tanah, Alor Gajar, and Malacca Town. Food and beverage in Malacca. There have many famous foods in Malacca; one of the famous foods is baba nyonya style spicy cooking which normally gets served with coconut milk. There are many specialist baba nyonya restaurants in town. The baba-nyonya food not only known to be the best in Malacca, but in the South East Asia region too. Besides that, Malacca also has satay celup which is Satay stick with raw meat dipped in hot bolling satay sauce for cooking. ikan bakar which literally means barbecue fish served in grilled aluminium foil or banana leaf heavily marinated with spices that tingle the senses. Chicken rice ball which is the rice pudding shape like a golf ball and you can dip with chilly and served with chicken. Furthermore, the oyster omelette served in stirs fried egg, spring onions and sweet or spicy paste. In Malacca Portuguese village, there has a few speciality tongue burning dished which is will let your stomach growling whole night after a heavy meal, the dished serving there normally are spicy food. About the beverage, Malacca also have few famous beverage to drink. First is the Cin-Cau, a kind of dark grass jelly drink which has a cooling effect is popularly served at restaurants. ice kacang which is a dessert made of shaved ice with red beans, nuts, jelly and many more. Besides that, cendol is a kind a pandan flavoured jelly served in coconut milk and it has been improvise on the cendol and invented the durian flavoured cendol. The durian cendol is popular with the local tourist but the aroma of durian cendol is a bit pungent for foreign tourist. Another favourite is the Bubur Cha Cha, a sweet dessert made from steamed sweet potatoes, yam, white beans, tapioca jelly in coconut milk. Places of interest in Malacca A Famosa 2011505-A_Famosa-Melaka.jpg A Famosa, or the Famous is among the oldest surviving European architectural remain in Asia during the Portuguese occupation Malacca in 1511. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet arrived under the command of Alfonso de Albequerque and attacked the Malacca. Portuguese was successfully defeated he armies of the native Sultanate and Albequerque order built the fortress around a natural hill near the sea. He believed that Malacca would become an important trading port between Portugal and China. At this time Portuguese also establishing others outposts such as China, Goa, India and Macau to create a friendly ports for ships heading to China or returning home to Portugal. Ayer Keroh Air Keroh is lies about 15kn from Malacca town and it is a tourist complex with hotels, Mini Asean, Mini Malaysia, crocodile farm, a reptile park, butterfly farm, aquarium, zoo, golf resort, and recreational forest. Bukit China burial ground Bukit China is situated southeast of Malacca Town; there are more than 12,500 graves on Bukit China and approximately 20 Muslim tombs. The existence of the Muslim tombs has made this more special and unique. The oldest tomb in Bukit China is a double burial which is more than three centuries old. The oldest tomb is Mr. Mrs Huang Wei-Hung was built in the second year of Tian Hee of Ming Dynasty (1622). In 1933, Cheng Hoon temple had undertaken to repair it because of the weather had taken a heavy toll on that tomb. In 2001, the tomb was again restored and a stone inscription was erected to mark it. Bukit ChinaBukit China During the British occupation Malacca, British had several times try to acquire Bukit China for development purposes, road widening and land reclamation. But Cheng Hoon Temple had have authorized strongly opposed these attempts because the hill is responsible by them. At the end Cheng Hoon Temple managed to preserve Bukit China with the support of the general public. The reasons of Cheng Hoon Temple preserve it because Bukit China is the place where early traders from China were buried. Many if the Chinese traders came to this country with high expectations for success in trade and it was stated o the stone steles. But unfortunately, some traders died before fulfilling their ambitions. Since the Chinese traders families did not travel with them, so there was nobody to pray for their souls. As such, prayers were initiated by the Chinese Kapitans for them. However, Bukit China were always hampered by heavy rainfalls and strong winds because there was no proper shelter. Cheng Hong Teng s Temple Cheng Hoon Tengs Temple This site is dedicated to the vision of Cheng Hoon Tengs founders and the determination of its devotees to preserve their unique bastion of culture and heritage. Cheng Hoon Tengs Temple is a premier historical monument and it remains the finest of Chinese temples in Malaysia. The temple ranks among the most significant in Southeast Asia, being central to the spiritual aspirations of the Chinese community in historic Malacca. Christ Church Christ Church Christ Church situated near Jalan Laksamana and Jalan Gereja in Malacca city. In 1753, Christ Church was built by Dutch to commemorate a century of their rule. It was reputed as the oldest protestant church in Malaysia and now is an Anglican Church. The beams of the Church were constructed from cutting and carving from a single tree and have no joints. The building shows the ingenuity of the Dutch architectural world. The hand-made pews dated back some 200 years. The altar is a beautiful piece of the Last Supper done in glazed tiles. Gadek Hot Spring Gadek Hot Spring Gadek Hot Spring was located in District of Alor Gajar, 30 km away from Malacca. It was believed that local villagers discovered the hot spring in the forest after watching some English soldiers settled around the spring. After the war, visitors from far and wide discovered that the hot spring had strong healing elements unlike many that they had encountered before. Today visitors can enjoy the spa pool or the Soak In Pool for those seeking therapeutic cure for skin ailments. Gadek Hot Spring was an ideal spot for family outing. Hang Jebats Mausoleum Hang Jebats Mausoleum Hang Jebat was the champion of justice who died a tragic death. Hang Jebat was unceremoniously killed by Hang Tuah in a duel of honour that lasted 3 days and 3 nights. He ran amuck after suffering a fatal wound from Hang Tuahs dagger Keris Taming Sari. In the name of justice to avenge the Sultans hasty punishment against Hang Tuah for a crime he didnt commit. Hang Jebat was accused by Hang Tuah of derhaka (contumacy). The duel between two of Malaccas most prominent knights has left a permanent question as to the moral behind Hang Jebats aberrant reaction against authority and the conventions by which Hang Tuah exercised his conduct as a loyal subject of the Sultan. Jonker Street Jonker Street Jalan Hang Jebat, as known as Jonker Street, is known worldwide among famous antique collectors as one of the best places to hunt and bargain for antiques. It was A definite haven for antique collectors and bargain hunters. Authentic artifacts and relics. some dating as far back as 300 years, can be found among a host of interesting collectibles, each with its own history and mystery. Melakas Sultanate Palace Melakas Sultanate Palace Malacca Sultanate Palace is an exquisite piece of Malay architecture and is a replica of the original 15th century palace of Malaccas extinct Sultanate. The palace is built based on sketches found in the ancient Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). This wooden replica of the Sultans palace houses the Malacca Cultural Museum. Facing the palace is the Historic City Memorial Garden. An intriguing monument to commemorate the declaration of Malacca as a Historic City is the showpiece of this garden. The monument is topped with a replica of a Malay royal headdress, a symbol of Malaysians allegiance to the throne.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Leadership Styles Research Methodology

Leadership Styles Research Methodology CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter primarily outlines the overall research methodology. Detailed development of hypotheses, sampling procedure used for this survey and sources of data will be described. Method that was used to collect data to run statistical analysis will be discussed further in this chapter. Hypotheses of Study The variables identified for this research are leadership style, leadership behavior and employees job satisfaction. Hypotheses below are proposed for this study: H1a: Transformational leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H1b: Transactional leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H2a: Supportive leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H2b: Directive leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H2c: Participative leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. Research Framework The association among all the proposed variables can be described in a research framework. Figure 3-1 illustrates the research model. Figure 3-1: The proposed research framework for influences of leadership on employees job satisfaction Leadership Style Transformational Leadership H1a Transactional Leadership H1b Job Satisfaction Leadership Behavior H2a H2b Supportive Leadership H2c Directive Leadership Participative Leadership Measures of construct in the Questionnaire The survey questionnaire used in this research consists of four parts. Part A consists of the measurement items for leadership style which is further divided to two sections, transformational and transactional leadership. Part B of the questionnaire consists of the measurement items for leadership behavior and three subsections that is participative, supportive and directive leadership. In Part C, the section measures on employees job satisfaction. Finally in Part D, the respondents demographic data is collected on their age, gender, education level, marital status, job position, and number of years of experience in the organization, years of establishment of respective organization, number of employees in organization and nature of the organization. The literature review has helped to provide a number of measurement items for leadership style, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction in the questionnaire. Survey respondents were asked to state their level of agreement for all the six constructs discussed previously. The survey questionnaire has adopted the five-point Likert scale which ranges from 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) as indicated in Table 3-1. Table 3-1: Instrument used in the questionnaire Strongly disagree 1 Disagree 2 Neither agree nor disagree 3 Agree 4 Strongly agree 5 The measurement items used to operationalize the constructs for the purpose of this study were adapted from relevant previous literature with necessary changes. A summary of the past research measures that is used in this study is indicated in Table 3-2. Table 3-2: Research variables and measurement Construct Source Job Satisfaction Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003) Transformational Gadot (2006) Transactional Gadot (2006) Supportive Lee and Kamarul (2008) Directive Lee and Kamarul (2008) Participative Lee and Kamarul (2008) Job Satisfaction The items for job satisfaction were adopted from Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003). The questionnaire used four items to access respondents satisfaction on their job. Table 3-3 shows the list of questions used for job satisfaction. Table 3-3: Job Satisfaction Diagnostic Survey Instruments How satisfied are you with your job currently? How satisfied are you with the overall chances of advancement in your organization? How satisfied are you with the career opportunities offered in your organization? How satisfied are you with the nature of the work in your organization? Source: Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003), Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes, An exploratory empirical assessment Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16 No.4, 2003, pp. 426-447. Leadership style The measurement items for leadership style were adapted from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). This measure was first introduced by Bass (1985) and then was further improved by Bass and Avolio (1993). It is used to gauge two leadership style scales, namely transformational and transactional. Respondents were asked on which particular leadership style their supervisor closely relates to. MLQ has been widely adapted by past researchers in examining the leadership styles. Table 3-4: Leadership Style Items Transformational Leadership My supervisor instills pride because of their association with the subordinates. My supervisor has gained trust in myself to avoid any obstacles. My supervisor inspires myself to be like him or her. My supervisor goes beyond his individual interest and focuses on the interest of his or her subordinates. My supervisor talks enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished. My supervisor sets realistic vision and guides on achieving them. My supervisor is a symbol of success and accomplishment. My supervisor constantly views the future optimistically. My supervisor constantly suggests new ways to accomplish things. My supervisor always introduces new challenges and new assignments. My supervisor encourages to think in new ways to solve problems. My supervisor encourages to think creatively and innovatively to solve problems. My supervisor constantly provides coaching to improve my productivity. My supervisor always listens to my concern and helps me to improve. My supervisor always updates me with my performance and does the necessary to develop me. My supervisor treats each individual uniquely and attempts to satisfy subordinates current needs. Transactional Leadership My supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled. My supervisor always sets the right expectation with me on what is offered when performance goals are met. Prior to any tasks, my supervisor states clear on the performance objectives, clarify rewards, and punishment when the correct output is received. My supervisor considers their relationship with subordinates as a series of contract, deals, or service and reward tradeoffs. My supervisor sets his focus on irregularities, mistakes, exceptions and deviations from standards. My supervisor keeps track on all the error, mistakes and wrong doing by the subordinates. My supervisor urges the subordinates to perform functions strictly according to positions requirement and nothing more. My supervisor is stringent about the rules and regulation of the organization and will take the necessary action if one were to not adhere. My supervisor does not interfere until the problem becomes serious. My supervisor always fire fights when taking corrective measures. My supervisor will only step in once the problems are chronic. My supervisor will not fix a problem until it is broken. Source: Gadot (2006), Leadership style, organizational politics, and employees performance, An empirical examination of two competing models, Personal Review Vol. 36 No. 5, 2007 pp. 661-683. Leadership Behavior In this research, a 13-item was adopted from Lee and Kamarul, (2008). It is used to measure three dimensions of leadership behavior, namely supportive, directive and participative behavior. Same as discussed above, survey respondents are requested to rate how closely his or her supervisor relate to the statements provided in the questionnaire. Likert scales was adopted for the respondents to rate the measurement items with (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). There are four items used for supportive leadership, four items used for directive leadership behavior and five items used for participative leadership. Table 3-5 shows the questions adopted for leadership behavior. Table 3-5: Leadership Behavior Items Supportive Leadership My supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled. Supervisor cares for the subordinates welfare. Supervisor does very little to make things pleasant. Supervisor treats all group members as equal. Directive Leadership Supervisor gives clear guidance and explains on how a work needs to be done. Supervisor decides what and how things should be done. Supervisor maintains definite standards of performance. Supervisor follows a schedule to get work accomplished. Participative Leadership Prior to making any decisions, supervisor considers the subordinates thoughts and what they have to say. Prior to making any decisions, supervisor consults with the subordinates. When a problem arises, supervisor consults with the subordinates. Supervisor asks subordinates for their suggestions and feedback. Supervisor listens to subordinates advice on which assignments should be made/taken. Source: Lee and Kamarul (2008), The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behavior and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal Vol.30 No.1, 2009 pp.53-86. Sampling and population The goal of this study is to understand the relationship between leadership style and behavior on employees job satisfaction in the context of IT industries in Klang Valley and Selangor, the first step was to note down all the listed IT companies in Selangor and Klang Valley. This information was obtained through observation and information provided through colleagues and friends. The population of this research is all individuals who are employees, managers, stakeholders in IT companies in Klang Valley and Selangor. Convenience sampling was used for the purpose of this study. This is due to time constraint, quick responses and it is inexpensive compared to alternate sampling procedures. 3.6 Sources of Data Two methods were used to collect the data, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data for this survey was obtained by means of a survey questionnaire. Quantitative approach was used in the survey questionnaire to be able to measure the relationship between the variables that helps in statistical analysis. Secondary data collection was used to gather information through findings by past researchers using the qualitative approach. Journal sources from Emerald, Proquest, Science Direct related to this topic was studied to get an understanding on the variables. Besides, online journal sources, books related to this topic provides exploratory information that is used for this research. 3.7 Data Collection From the secondary data resources, a set of predetermined questions were created.. Three methods were used to collect data which is personally administered questionnaire, questionnaires attached with emails and online survey questionnaire. 3.7.1 Personally Administered Questionnaire Personally administered questionnaires were sent to all employees and colleagues that are attached with IT Companies in the Klang Valley and Selangor. This method ensured to receive back all the number of questionnaire sent within a short period of time. The advantage of this method is that it avoided any unusable surveys as if the respondents had any questions they were able to get the answers immediately. Personally administered questionnaire is where most of the survey responses were obtained for this research. A sample of personally administered questionnaire is attached in the Appendix. Questionnaires Attached with Emails The availability of internet has helped to send and receive data with a very minimal cost and quicker time span. Questionnaires attached to emails were sent to those who were not easily accessible geographically to pass the questionnaire. Questionnaires are mailed to the target respondents by providing an introduction on the objective of the research and clear guidelines on how to fill the survey and respond back. Although reminders were sent to respondents to increase the survey response, the questionnaires attached to emails received through this method was only 13 (6.5%) out of the overall survey responses. The disadvantage of mail questionnaires attached to emails is, one may not have the time to do the survey immediately at the point that they receive it and have the tendency to forget to response once it is being left for some time in their mailbox. 3.7.3 Online questionnaire An online questionnaire was first used to obtain data for this study. The www.surveyshare.com site was used to create the online questionnaire. The web based tool had the advantage of exporting the survey responses to Microsoft Excel format which is useful for inputting the responses in a structured manner. The automation of data exportation has helped data collection quickly. It is also cheaper to use the online tool as no paper and printing cost is involved. Data can be analysed as and when survey response is received since it automatically provides a summary and overview of all the survey responses received to date. Statistical Procedures The statistical software SPSS version 16 was used to analyse all the data obtained from the survey. Frequencies, means, percentage, reliability test (Cronbach coefficient) and multiple regressions were computed using the tool. To analyse the demographic details of the survey respondents, descriptive statistics which includes frequencies and percentages were done. To meet the research objective, multiple regressions were applied to study the significance between the variables as outlined in the research framework. Reliability Test of the Survey Instrument Table 3-5 presents the reliability measures for the 6 constructs discussed previously. The Cronbachs alpha value was determined from a pilot test with a sample of 30 respondents. The intention of the pilot test is to understand the ease of respondents answering the survey questions. At the same time, the reliability of the survey instrument is determined. The Cronbachs alpha value for job satisfaction, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, participative leadership and directive leadership exceeded 0.70. As for supportive leadership the Cronbachs alpha value is 0.637. Therefore, one of the items for measuring supportive leadership was removed to raise the Cronbachs alpha value to 0.788. Table 3-6: Cronbachs alpha value for six construct from pilot study. Construct Alpha No. of items Job Satisfaction 0.806 4 Transformational leadership 0.918 16 Transactional leadership 0.871 12 Participative leadership 0.915 5 Supportive leadership 0.637 4 Directive leadership 0.824 4

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Physical and Emotional Journeys of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Ess

The Physical and Emotional Journeys of Jane Eyre The novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë consists of the continuous journey through Jane's life towards her final happiness and freedom. This is effectively supported by five significant 'physical' journeys she makes, which mirror the four emotional journeys she makes. 10-year-old Jane lives under the custody of her Aunt Reed, who hates her. Jane resents her harsh treatment by her aunt and cousins so much that she has a severe temper outburst, which results in her aunt sending her to Lowood boarding school. At the end of the eight years, she has become a teacher at Lowood. At the age of eighteen she seeks independence and becomes governess at Thornfield Hall. Over time, Jane falls in love with its master, Edward Rochester, who eventually proposes to her. On their wedding day, the sermon is abruptly halted by the announcement that Rochester's insane wife is kept locked up in the attic of Thornfield. Jane runs away. Penniless and almost starving, Jane roams the countryside in search of shelter, until she finds the house of St John, Mary, and Diana Rivers, who take her in and nurse her back to health. Jane then acquires an unexpected inheritance from her uncle. One night, Jane 'hears' Mr Rochester's voice calling for her, and decides to return to Thor nfield immediately. On her return, she finds Thornfield to be a "blackened ruin" due to a fire which has left Rochester blind with only one arm and killed his wife. Jane goes to Rochester's new home, and they are married. Jane's 'physical' journeys contribute significantly to plot development and to the idea that the novel is a 'journey' through Jane's life. "Jane Eyre's" chronological structure... ...law, and scorned and crushed the insane promptings of a frenzied moment." To start with, Jane is oppressed by her aunt and is allowed no will of her own, she is completely "a dependant" and has "no money". This situation improves enormously when Jane goes to Lowood, although she is still a servant in Thornfield until she runs away to Marsh End, where she must still depend on others in order to survive. Jane eventually gains her freedom through her inheritance, and the fact that she no longer has to depend on Rochester. Jane's physical and emotional journeys are brought to an end in the last chapter, where she switches from past to present tense: "My Edward and I, then, are happy....." This shows that she is no longer looking back, only forward to her future happiness as she has finally reached her 'destination'.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

A Life Changing Experience Essay -- essays research papers

First day of the rest of my life, my stomach is in knots and I can’t seem to do anything with my hair. I have all my pens, papers, notebooks and other miscellaneous items stuffed into my brand new blue book bag. My mother is down stairs on the patio drinking her morning tea watching the world wake up. I gave my brand new shoes a quick shine, checked my hair about three more times each time finding something new wrong. Mother yells at me from down stairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" You’re going to miss the bus!† The bus! I can’t believe my ears. I can’t show up to high school on my first day by riding the bus. I was scared I needed my mother to drive me to school. Somehow knowing my mother was going to be there part of the way made it a little bit easier for me to go. I need her in a way to hold my hand as I embark on a new chapter in my life. Plus I was a little brat and felt too good for the public transportation system. My mother could sense that I felt uneasy and drove me. The drive to the newly built high school was just under fifteen minuets away. As we traveled my mother gave me some tips to make it through the day. She told me to introduce myself to my teachers on personal bases, to sit up front and to eat a good lunch. As we arrived at the entrance I felt my breakfast wanting to jump out of my stomach. I was shaking and on the verge of tears. Mother gave me a hug and a kiss on the forehead, told me everything was going to be just fine. I jumped out of the car and stood on the sidewal...

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Classic detective story Essay

      It had to be something a lot smaller because the only other opening in Julia’s room that communicated with somewhere outside of the room was the ventilation shaft in the ceiling which was directly connected to the ventilation shaft in the ceiling of Dr. Roylott’s room. Holmes also spotted the mysterious bell pull, which turned out to be a dummy. The strange thing about this bell pull was that it was hung from somewhere inside the ventilation shaft and it was positioned directly above the pillow on the bed. Holmes then goes in into a deep state of reverie putting everything that Helen Stoner told him happened together with all the clues that he had found in Stoke Moran. This matches my expectation of a classic detective story where the detective finds clues, analyses them and them puts them all together with all the information he has obtained from other sources such as the victim, people who knew the dead person, people who had some sort of relationship with both the person that died and the victim. In this deep state of meditation he solves the mystery but he has yet to solve the crime. So Holmes tells Helen Stoner to place a lamp outside of her window when Dr. Roylott retires to his chamber at night. Holmes also tells Helen to leave the shutters open in the room so that he and Watson can get in when she signals them. Holmes and Watson wait for the signal at the village inn. Later when Helen signals them with the lamp they head for Stoke Moran. They go into her room through the open shutter and wait for a number of hours before Holmes spots a snake coming through the ventilator. At this point in time Holmes knows who has committed the crime and how for sure. This then matches my next expectation that with all that is happening the detective then deduces what must have happened and if it was a murder who the villain was that committed the crime. He then immediately switches on the light and strikes at the snake causing it to return through the ventilator in a very angry mood. Then they all here the terrible screen of a man’s hoarse voice. They all immediately head for Dr. Roylott’s chamber and find him dead. He is killed by an Indian Swamp adder, which they find wrapped around his head. Holmes then explains how he solved the mystery and then the crime. This all matches my final expectation of a classic detective story, which is that the villain is either arrested or killed. The expectations of plot that are fulfilled in the Gatewood Caper The Gatewood Caper begins with a private detective being sent to help a man called Harvey Gatewood get his kidnapped daughter Audrey back. The detective is known only as the â€Å"the continental Op†. In this essay I will refer to him from now on as â€Å"the Op†. The Op is sent by the Continental Detective Agency to solve the kidnap of Harvey Gatewood’s daughter Audrey and to find out where she is being held then rescue her. In the Gatewood Caper the mystery surrounds the kidnap of Harvey Gatewood’s daughter Audrey, so my first expectation of a classic detective story’s plot and how it should involve some sort of mystery is fulfilled. In the Gatewood Caper it is the detective that comes to offer help to the victim and not the other way around like in the Speckled Band where the victim asks the detective to investigate something for them. So my next expectation that the victim approaches the detective to get his help is not fulfilled. No one has died and my expectation of a classic detective story that a there is a death and that it is either the result of a terrible crime or accidental is not fulfilled. This all makes the Gatewood Caper even less like a classic detective story. The only person that can solve the crime in this story is the Op and so that matches my next expectation of a classic detective story that the only person who can solve the crime is the detective. The Op then listens to Gatewood’s story and this fulfils my next expectation of a classic detective story where the detective listens to the victim’s story. Harvey Gatewood tells the Op what happened before he last saw Audrey. He tells to the Op about everything that he saw Audrey do before he last saw her. He tells the Op that the last time he saw Audrey was the day before at around seven in the evening. The next morning Gatewood receives a letter from the kidnappers demanding a ransom of $50,000 in $100 bills (American for notes) for her release. In the Gatewood Caper the detective doesn’t really ask many questions to Gatewood because he is so uncooperative. It’s more like the reverse of my expectation that the detective questions the victim is fulfilled. It’s almost like Gatewood has been described so much like a villain that it’s almost impossible to think of him as a victim. My next expectation that the detective investigates the scene of the death is not fulfilled because there is no scene of death in the Gatewood Caper as the crime is a kidnap. Instead in the Gatewood Caper the detective investigates Audrey’s rooms to find any clues or anything that will point to anyone who would want to kidnap Audrey. He finds nothing. Then the next day at 2:30 Harvey Gatewood gets a call from the kidnappers saying that they want him to the deliver the money straight away to someone he will spot when they signal him by holding a handkerchief to their face and then dropping it. They tell Gatewood that he will have to deliver the money to the person somewhere between his house and the waterfront along Clay Street. A woman signals Gatewood using the handkerchief he gives her the money and a couple of the other Ops follow the woman. They loose the woman in an alleyway where they find her clothes discarded all over the floor. They quickly realise that this must have been a woman disguised as a man. The trail of clothes leads to a backdoor of an apartment, which they find was occupied by a man called Leyton. The Op investigates this apartment and finds nothing but this fulfils are expectation that the detective investigates the scene to find any clues but again the Op finds nothing. The only clue that the Op has now has to work on is Leyton’s description. So he starts to investigate all the clothes shops in the Oakland area asking them whether or not they have seen anyone matching Leyton’s description buying woman’s clothes and if they have any records or names. The Op gets lucky with the first shop he investigates because they have a record of a man who bought woman’s clothes matching Leyton’s description. This mans name is Mr. Offord and the Op also gets the address. The Op goes to see Mr. Offord and then finds out that he is not living alone but with a young woman possibly Audrey. The Op recognises Mr. Offord as being a conman. The Op goes up to his room but is then shot at but the bullets miss. The Op then kicks the door down and finds Audrey. He then explains how he solved the mystery of Audrey’s kidnap to â€Å"penny† Quayle the conman and Audrey. This fulfils are expectation of a classic detective story’s plot whereby from all the information the detective gathers he puts it all together to deduce what really happened. The villain in the story actually turns out to be the victim and in the end does not get punished because she blackmails her father with the threat of going to the papers with incriminating information that she has about him about his previous illegal activities. My expectation that the villain is either arrested or killed is not fulfilled making this story even less like a classic detective story. The Speckled Band is a perfect example of what a classic detective story should be like because it matches all my expectations in every way. The Gatewood Caper is completely different and is nothing like a classic detective story. Although it does match some of my expectations of how the plot of a classic detective story should be like it is a very modern story with a very modern plot. The main difference between the plot in the Speckled Band which is a classic detective story and the plot in the Gatewood Caper which is a modern detective story is that in a classic detective story the plot goes along a straight line and everything that happens we might expect to happen, happens whereas in the plot of a modern detective story everything we might expect to happen doesn’t always happen. Expectations of character that are fulfilled We expect the character of the detective in any classic detective to be a man who is extremely clever, intuitive, observant, inquisitive, deductive and highly instinctive. The name of the detective in the Speckled Band is Sherlock Holmes. Holmes matches all of my expectations of how the character in a detective story should be and so too does the Op in the Gatewood Caper. The big difference is that the Op is a lot weaker in all of these aspects when you directly compare him to someone of the likes of Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes probably the greatest detective of all time whereas the Op is just an ordinary policeman turned detective. We expect the character of a detective in any classic detective story to be something of a superhero but what we see in any modern detective story is the character of a detective has a big sense of realism associated with him which makes it all that little more believable so that we can relate to the detective more. We also expect the character of the detective in any classic detective story to be very strong (powerful), tough, very brave, a good soul and an expert in his field of work. Again Holmes is these things and personifies greatness whereas the Op is also has all these aspects but again is weaker in every department. This is again done on purpose to make it all more realistic and believable. Sherlock Holmes is the more classic detective whereas the Op is the more modern detective. We also expect the detective in any classic detective story to go into soliloquy and Holmes does this a lot whereas the Op never does this and we aren’t able to connect with his thoughts as much as we do with Holmes. We expect the character of the villain in any classic detective story to be man who is extremely clever, very strong (powerful) and tough but at the same time a man who is evil, devious, very greedy, and deceptive. We also expect the villain to be dangerous and psychotic. In the Speckled Band the villain Dr. Roylott matches all my expectations of how a villain should be like in any classic detective story whereas the surprise villain in the Gatewood Caper is nothing like my expectations of how the character of a villain should be in any detective story. Dr. Roylott is a huge giant of a man who bends pokers to scare people, whereas because Audrey is a woman she is portrayed as being weak in the Gatewood Caper but is still the villain. Audrey Gatewood has parts of the character of the victim mixed in with parts of the character from the villain. She is a woman and that is the main the difference between what a villain could never be in a classic detective story and could possibly be a modern detective story. Although she might be a woman she is certainly not the victim because she is not innocent, helpless, afraid, a good soul or someone who is grateful for anything. In fact she is the exact opposite a spoiled brat. Also although she is not the victim she is certainly the villain because she does in fact have all the qualities of being a villain except that she is not very strong, or tough. Dr. Grimesby Roylott is the more classic villain whereas Audrey Gatewood is the more modern victim. We expect the character of the victim in any classic detective story to be a woman who is weak, innocent, helpless, afraid, a good soul and someone who is extremely grateful to anyone who will help them. Firstly in the Speckled Band the victim Helen Stoner fulfils all of these expectations whereas in the modern detective story the Gatewood Caper the victim is Harvey Gatewood and he is nothing like the victim but everything the villain is in a classic detective story. He simply does not belong in the role of the victim so he does not fulfil any expectation of the character of the victim in a classic detective story. He has every quality of a villain in a classic detective story and the exact opposite of every quality the character of the victim has in a classic detective story. In fact the way he is described in the story he is almost identical to Dr. Roylott in the Speckled Band. Helen Stoner is the more classic victim whereas Harvey Gatewood is nothing like a classic victim and is the more modern victim. Setting The setting in the Speckled Band was very interesting because of how it was described in such high detail from every blade of grass to the huge mansion of Stoke Moran. The setting really did provide an excellent atmosphere because it was so complex and always changing. The story starts off and is set in one the biggest, most highly populated cities in the world, London. It is a bustling metropolis and you can imagine the atmosphere it creates and how strong it is over everything else. While this huge feeling of atmosphere is creating by the setting Helen Stoner is going to see Sherlock Holmes. Then the setting changes once Helen arrives to see Holmes, it suddenly changes from being an extremely busy and chaotic atmosphere to an extremely peaceful, quiet and relaxing environment whilst inside Holmes’s home. I enjoyed the setting when Holmes and Watson leave for Leatherhead from Waterloo station as I have always like trains so I can imagine exactly what it would have been like with all the steam trains and the huge atmosphere created by people getting on and off the trains to get off at London or travel to other places. Then when at Stoke Moran the setting changes to this mansion with a small village nearby. The setting here is a dark, scary and lonely place. You can feel the mystery and danger resonating from every wall, every corridor and every room. We don’t feel safe in this place because we know that it has a very mysterious past and a very mysterious owner. It is a very old building built in the 17th century and is almost crumbling to pieces because of decay in some parts. You can imagine the sense of fear that would be created from a setting like this just by walking through the long dark corridors. With each step moved you would here the echo through the whole building because of the dominating silence. The only light would be of that slipping through the small dirt sprayed windows adding to the feeling of loneliness and fear creating extreme suspense. The setting in the in the Gatewood Caper is my favourite personally. I enjoyed the very beginning of the story because of the deep sense of tension that is created by the description of Harvey Gatewood’s Lumber Corporation HQ. I can imagine a it as a huge building full of people working for this one Scrooge like tyrant of a businessman who absolutely loves to quash all opposition and dominate his industry. This setting provides a huge sense of excitement and liveliness. You rarely get a sense of fear or loneliness in the Gatewood Caper because of the setting and how there are always people wherever the Op goes and so there is always someone to talk to. This is another big difference between classic and modern detective story’s where in a classic detective story there are less characters but they are more detailed and you get to know them better whereas in a modern detective story there are more characters who are less detailed which often makes it very confusing. You can then imagine all the cars speeding through the city and past Gatewood’s empire, all the people coming in and out of the building, all the noises caused by the people and machinery creates an immense feeling of power and prosperity which makes me feel good as I can really relate to this kind of setting having being born and raised in modern day London. I loved the setting between Gatewood’s house and the waterfront walking along clay Street. I can just imagine the sense of excitement that I would get if a were just an innocent bystander walking along Clay Street and I saw the mysterious drop off of $50,000 and then saw someone dressed like a woman in black but with the figure of a being followed by so many private detectives. I also enjoyed the setting of the police station at the end with all the detectives in the station drinking coffee and eating donuts. Between the two stories I enjoyed the setting in the Gatewood Caper the most because it was more modern and a lot more like I was used to seeing in life. I definitely expected the setting in the Speckled Band to be old and lonely. I also expected the setting in the Gatewood Caper to be so modern and lively. Structure The structure in the Speckled Band is very different from the structure of the Gatewood Caper. In both stories at the very start of the story we find out what it’s all about and whom everyone is as is the case with the beginning of any detective story. What is very different about the beginning periods of both stories is that one is a complete mystery and it is uncertain what has happened whereas the other is not a mystery at all as the crime is known. In any classic detective story the crime is not known until somewhere in the middle or at the end of the story whereas in a modern detective story the crime is usually known and made clear right at the very beginning. This is a key difference in structure because in any classic detective story the mystery is of great importance because it draws suspense and tension into the reader whereas in a modern detective story the crime is usually more important than the mystery is because modern day readers generally have less patience and want what they read to get to the point quickly. In the Speckled Band the period of uncertainty is both in the beginning period and the middle period of the story whereas in the Gatewood Caper it is in the middle period and also the ending period. In both stories the mystery is solved and the crime explained in the end period. Style of writing When I read Speckled Band the style of writing created a very slow and dull mood within me but I couldn’t help being captivated by it even if it may have been dull or slow. The writer built up suspense using highly implicit and detailed language.

Monday, September 16, 2019

A Citizen’s Guide to American Ideology: Conservatism and Liberalism in Contemporary Politics Essay

Conservatism is political belief based on social stability and tradition, emphasizing established institutions and having a preference on a gradual development to an abrupt change (Marietta 23). In conservative theories, they aim to preserve and restore, stressing continuity and stability, limit to change, restricted government guidelines of business and strong national defenses (Para 3). Conservatism so to speak is political morality. Conservative political drives have been productive as they have unified people of different opinions on the basis of shared goals (Mannheim 41).It is not possible to find the successes of conservatism in a big government but through individual achievement and freedom! According to O’hara, conservative ideology is mirrored through family values, decent parenting at home and what can be achieved when the government ceases to interfere (52). For instance, set of grandparents living their years without debt with their families leading a simple but self-governing life and out of trouble that’s a conservative success. When a small business opens up, with owners working hard and selling authentic products and excellent service, then gradually expanding step by step then becoming a big business organization†¦that is a conservative success story. If you see a soldier risking his life to protect the inhabitants of a dangerous area and receiving no recognition, that is conser vative values in action (Cecil 23). Conservative form of leadership is the best, as it grows people to take responsibility for their actions, health, education and family the success is revealed in the glory and accomplishments of the individual and not in the credit and achievement of legislation that will promise some things that one should earn on their own. In Canada, the Harper government has offered positive differences to the people of Canada and the world in general. It has offered tax relief with a 2% decrease to 5% in goods and services tax (GST), has assisted working families by lowering income taxes, has lowered small business and corporate taxes and has introduced the universal child care benefit that has given families real choices in child care (Gottfried 45). The harper government has also taken action by offering a special tax credits which has assisted in paying for children’s fitness programme, in regard to Crime and Justice, it has improved with strong new laws and punishments that fit the crime. The Tackling Violent Crime Act has ensured that criminals who get jail condemnations pay their dues to the society. According to Gottfried, corporations and unions have been banned from contributing to politics (66); the amount that an individual can donate has been reduced to between $5,000 and $1,100 per year. There has also been investment in the Canadian Forces who strive to protect the country and its citizens by providing insurance for the personnel, while increasing sustenance for those who experience injury and illness in the line of duty. Canada signed the Copenhagen According, an agreement among developing and developed nations to decrease the worldwide level of air pollution ( Viereck and Claus 33). In America, during the president George W. Bush conservative administration, they never accepted corruption in office and rejected the state ordering people how they should lead their lives. In 2007 President Bush lifted the strategy for the war in Iraq from forced safeguarding to population security (Marrieta 54). In 2002, President Bush fronted the â€Å"housing first† strategy to reduce homelessness this worked and the number of homeless people decreased by 30 percent between 2005 and 2007. For the time being, serious crimes levels declined rapidly since 1993, when the country began to embrace conservative tough on crime policies. According to Marrieta, he addressed nationwide poverty, increased financial aid to developing countries and assisted in alleviating AIDS in Africa (67). In 2003 November third, he facilitated enactment of The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. According to Viereck and Claus Australia’s main achievements of the Menzies, Holt, Gorton and McMahon conservative governments included high living standards for Australians; increased ratio of home owners, progress in industry, free medical treatment for seniors and the homeless, introduced homes for the aged, established Commonwealth Scholarships as means of introducing aid to all schools, increased work force and introduction of family allowance (71). The Howard government’s policies enabled the provision of low rates of interest, lower taxation and increased economic growth; Australian domestic students by allowing them to invest in their own education, increased total revenue for higher education institutions from $8.6 billion in 1997 to $16.8 billion in 2007( O’hara 46) Conclusion The principles of conservatism are all-encompassing as they are founded on what men and women have learned through involvement in a dozen generations. With all the experience of the past and present, conservative future is still going to continue working as the task will not be to sell a philosophy, but to make the citizens, who already believe in the philosophy, see that modern conservatism offers us a political home (Marietta 27).From above it evident that conservatism prevents movement backward and downward and towards forward and upward away from chaotic darkness and primitive state, a philosophy that world nations should adopt for better and brighter futures. References Marietta, Morgan. A Citizen’s Guide to American Ideology: Conservatism and Liberalism in Contemporary Politics. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print. Viereck, Peter, and Claes G. Ryn. Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt against Ideology. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2005. Print. Gottfried, Paul. Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right. New York: Palgrave, 2007. Print. Mannheim, Karl. Conservatism. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013. Internet resource.O’Hara, Kieron. Conservatism. London: Reaktion Books, 2011. Internet resource.Berkowitz, Peter. Varieties of Conservatism in America. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, 2004. Print. Gord, Walker.A conservative Canada. Santa Barbara, Calif: Paget Press, 1983. Source document